Which of the following encompasses the entire security standpoint of the product development life cycle?

The accurate answer, indicating that "all of the items listed" encompass the entire security standpoint of the product development life cycle, is justified by recognizing that each of the components mentioned plays a critical role in ensuring security throughout this cycle.

Certification is the process of validating that a product meets certain security standards and requirements. It entails rigorous evaluation and testing to ensure that security measures are in place and effective. This is crucial as it assures stakeholders that the product adheres to established criteria for security.

Accreditation is the formal declaration that a system is authorized to operate in a given environment, based on a comprehensive assessment of its security posture. This acknowledges that the system has been reviewed against the security requirements relevant to the operational context and deemed acceptable for deployment, thereby contributing significantly to the overall security assurance during the product development lifecycle.

The Functional Design Review focuses on assessing whether the design of the product meets the specified functionality and security requirements before moving forward in the development process. This early identification of potential security issues in the design phase is vital for mitigating risks and ensuring that security considerations are integrated from the start.

By understanding that each of these components—certification, accreditation, and functional design review—collectively supports a comprehensive security framework throughout the product development life cycle