Which of the following attacks is not categorized as an unauthorized access method?

Tokenization is the correct answer because it is a process used to enhance data security by replacing sensitive data with non-sensitive equivalents, known as tokens. These tokens can be used safely in place of the actual data, effectively protecting the original information and maintaining confidentiality. Unlike phishing, malware, and spear phishing, which are tactics designed to gain unauthorized access to systems or sensitive information, tokenization does not involve illicit access methods. Instead, it serves as a legitimate security measure to safeguard data.

In contrast, phishing and spear phishing are social engineering tactics aimed at tricking individuals into divulging sensitive information, while malware refers to malicious software designed to infiltrate systems without permission, ultimately resulting in unauthorized access or data breaches. Thus, tokenization distinctly stands out as a security practice rather than an unauthorized access technique.